Description of Four Skills (S.L.R.W)

 Description of Four Skills (S.L.R.W)     

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Name      : Bhaliya   Ravi

Roll no.     :24

M.A. Semester   : 3

Enrolment No.  :14101004

Email id      :ravibhaliya5@gmail.com

Year            : 2015-16

Paper no.     : 12 (English Language Teaching)

Submitted to: Smt. S.B Gardi Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

Bhavnagar University

Abstract

When we learn a language, there are four skills that we need for complete communication. When we learn our native language, we usually learn to listen first, then to speak, then to read and finally to write. These are called the four “language skills”. Listening “Listening” is receiving language through the ears. Listening involves identifying the sounds of speech and processing them into words and sentences.

Languages are generally taught and assessed in terms of the ‘four skills’: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Listening and reading are known as ‘receptive’ skills while speaking and writing are known as ‘productive’ skills. All language learners will need to develop their skills in each of these areas, and your language classes should incorporate activities related to all these skills.

When a teacher makes use of activities that have been specially designed to incorporate several language skills simultaneously (such as reading, writing, listening, and writing), they provide their students with situations that allow for well-rounded development and progress in all  areas of language learning. In her reflection, Anna refers to activities that make use of ‘the four skills’ but she is not quite sure how to plan activities that incorporate all four. In this section we will discuss the 'four skills' as well some activities that can be used in the classroom to promote all four.

What are the four skills?

How are the four skills used in the language classroom ? 

Through daily activities, teachers provide learners with opportunities to develop each skill: students listen (to the teacher use the target language, to a song, to one another in a pair activity), speak (pronunciation practice, greetings, dialogue creation or recitation, songs, substitution drills, oral speed reading, role play), read (instructions, written grammar drills, cards for playing games, flashcards) and write (fill in the blank sheets, sentences that describe a feeling, sight or experience, a dialogue script, a journal entry).

How can the four skills be used together effectively?

The four skills work in tandem when the activities that require their use are designed to support learners in the process of learning, creating and producing a specific product. Four approaches in particular are structured so that the four skills can be used simultaneously. These approaches are: the focal skill approach, content based instruction, task based  instruction and the project based approach.

Why are four skills activities useful?

Four skills activities in the language classroom serve many valuable purposes: they give learners scaffold support, opportunities to create, contexts in which to use the language for exchanges of real information, evidence of their own ability (proof of learning) and, most important, confidence.

 Speaking

“Speaking” is the delivery language through the mouth. Speaking is also known as the productive skill in the oral mode. It, like the other skills, is more complicated and it seems at first and involves more than just pronouncing words. To speak, we create sounds using many parts of our body including the lungs, vocal tract, vocal chords, tongue, teeth and lips. This vocalized form of language usually requires at least one listener. When two or more people speak or talk to each other, the conversation is called a “dialogue”.

“Speaking is the productive skill in the oral mode. It, like the other skills, is more complicated than it seems at first and involves more than just pronouncing words.”

Interactive speaking situations include face-to-face conversations and telephone calls, in which we are alternately listening and speaking, and in which we have a chance to ask for clarification, repetition, or slower speech from our conversation partner. Some speaking situations are partially interactive, such as when giving a speech to a live audience, where the convention is that the audience does not interrupt the speech. The speaker nevertheless can see the audience and judge from the expressions on their faces and body language whether or not he or she is being understood. Some few speaking situations may be totally no interactive, such as when recording a speech for a radio broadcast .

Speaking is often connected with listening. For example, the two way communication makes up for the defect in communicative ability in the traditional learning. Two way means the relationship of the communication between the teacher and the students at school. This relationship is connected with the communicative activities between two people. It can create a fresh environment for speaking language. The two way communication can lengthen the dialogue limitlessly. This is its advantage. At the same time, if the speakers want to give the correct response he has to think hard, the sentence is not easily forgotten which is created by themselves through thinking, sometimes with the teacher’s hint. They can talk freely and express themselves as well as they can.

In addition, speech can flow naturally from one person to another in the form of dialogue. It can also be planned and rehearsal as in the delivery of a speech or presentation. Of course, some people talk to themselves! In fact, some English learners practice speaking standing alone in front of a mirror. There are three kinds of speaking situation that we should understand which are interactive, partially interactive and non-interactive. Interactive speaking situations include face-to-face conversations and telephone calls, in which we have a chance to ask for clarification, repetition, or slower speech from our conversation partner.

Reading

Reading can be silent (in our head) or aloud (so that other people can hear). Reading is a receptive skill - through it we receive information. But the complex process of reading also requires the skill of speaking, so that we can pronounce the words that we read. In this sense, reading is also a productive skill in that we are both receiving information and transmitting it (even if only to ourselves).

"Reading" is the process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning from them. When we read, we use our eyes to receive written symbols (letters, punctuation marks and spaces) and we use our brain to convert them into words, sentences and paragraphs that communicate something to us.

“Reading” is the receptive skill in the written mode. It can develop independently of listening and speaking skills, but often develops along with them especially in societies with a highly-developed literary tradition. Reading can help build vocabulary that helps listening comprehension at the later stages, particularly. In other words, reading is the process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning to them. When we read, we use our eyes to receive written symbols (letters, punctuation marks and spaces) and we use our brain to convert them into words, sentences and paragraphs that communicate something to us. Reading can be silent (in our head) or aloud (so that other can hear). Reading is an important way to of gaining information in language learning and it is a basic for a language learner.

Therefore reading skills refer to the specific abilities that enable a person to read with independence and interact with the message. Reading is therefore a highly

valuable skill and activity, and it is recommended that English learners try to read as much as possible in English. Moreover, reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning. Like all language, it is a complex interaction between the text and the reader which is shaped by the reader’s prior knowledge, experiences, attitude and language community which is culturally and socially situated. To sum up, reading process requires continues practice, development, refinement, creativity and critical analysis.

 Writing 

Writing is one way of providing variety in classroom procedures. It provides a learner with physical evidence of his achievements and he can measure his improvement. It helps to consolidate their grasp of vocabulary and structure, and complements the other language skills. Sentence is the base of an article. So he should begin his writing with sentences. For example, translation, sentence pattern exchanging, and text shortening and rewriting.

Writing is the productive skill in the written mode. It, too, is more complicated than it seems at first, and often seems to be the hardest of the skills, even for native speakers of a language, since it involves not just a graphic representation of speech, but the development and presentation of thoughts in a structured way.

It helps to understand the text and write compositions. It can foster the learner’s ability to summarize and to use the language freely

“Writing” is the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form. Writing is the productive skill in the written mode. It too is more complicated and often seems to be the hardest of the skills, even for native speakers of a language, since it involves not just a graphic representation of speech, but the development and presentation of thoughts in a structured way. To write clearly, it is essential to understand the basic system of a language. In English, this includes knowledge of grammar, punctuation and sentence structure.

Listening

When we listen, we use our ears to receive individual sounds (letters, stress, rhythm and pauses) and we use our brain to convert these into messages that mean something to us. Listening is any language requires focus and attention. It is a skill that some people need to work at harder than others. In addition, teaching the learners a lot of listening activities is a good way of enlarging their vocabulary. People who have difficulty concentrating are typically poor listeners. Like babies, we learn this skill by listening to people who already know how to speak the language.

Listening comprehension is the receptive skill in the oral mode. When we speak of listening what we really mean is listening and understanding what we hear.

In our first language, we have all the skills and background knowledge we need to understand what we hear, so we probably aren’t even aware of how complex a process it is. Here we will briefly describe some of what is involved in learning to understand what we hear in a second language. Listening, one of the means of language communication, is used most widely in people’s daily lives. In addition, teaching the learners a lot of listening activities is a good way of enlargement their vocabulary.

 On the other hand, it also helps the learners improve their listening comprehension. For instance, people know that the largest difference between mother language learning and foreign language learning is the environment. For a foreign language, we can meet it only in formal places and classes. Training and practicing the oral reading is not a day’s work. Practice is important. Only through the practice can the learners improve their listening comprehension.

Good listening skills also have benefits in our personal lives, including:

A greater number of friends and social networks, improved self-esteem and confidence, higher grades at school and in academic work and even better health and general well-being. (www.skillsyouneed.com)

Works Cited

www.skillsyouneed.com. skills you need. n.d. 31 10 2015 <http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/listening-skills.html>.

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Post- colonialism in the Black skin, white Mask.

Post- colonialism in the Black skin, white Mask.

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Name      : Bhaliya   Ravi

Roll no.     :24

M.A. Semester   : 3

Enrolment No.  :14101004

Email id      :ravibhaliya5@gmail.com

Year            : 2015-16

Paper no.     : 11 (The Post – Colonial Literature)

Submitted to: Smt. S.B Gardi Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

Bhavnagar University

Abstract

“Black Skin, White Masks” (1952) is a book about the mind set or psychology of racism by Frantz Fanon, psychiatrist and black, post colonialist thinker. Fanon wrote Black Skin, White Masks when he was 27. it was his first and perhaps most enduring book. And it was ignored. Its significance was recognized only after the death of the author, particularly after the publication of the English translation a decade and a half later in 1967. Frantz Fanon had tremendous impact on the European anti-colonialist movement.

It is a very personal account of Fanon's experience being black as a man, an intellectual, and a part to a French education. It examines how colonialism is internalized by the colonized, how an inferiority complex is inculcated, and how, through the mechanism of racism, black people end up emulating their oppressors.

Key Words – ( Superiority , Blackman , Masks, Language , Race , Skin)

What is Post colonialism ?

     

A study of postcolonial literature must begin with the historical contexts of colonialism, contexts that are constantly and frighteningly shot through violence.  The violence of colonialism – cultural, economic, political and military - is so integral to the history of the ‘Third World’ nation  that no literature or critical approach has been able to ignore it.

Postcolonial literature seeks to address the ways in which non-European (Asian, African, South American and Settler colonies) literatures and cultures have been marginalized as an effect of colonial rule, and to find if possible, modes of resistance, retrieval, and reversal of their ‘own’ pre-colonial pasts.
It is a literature of resistance, anger, protest and hope.  It seeks to understand history so as to plan for the future.

Three central features of colonialism:

1. The governance of non-European places by European administrators  – through economic, political, and military modes.
2. The study of non-European cultures by European academics, scholars, and scientists( anthropology, literature, ‘area studies’).
3. The slow transformation of native societies (missionary work, European education system, bureaucracy)

Post colonialism in the Black skin white Mask. 

The book looks at what goes through the minds of blacks and whites under the conditions of white rule and the strange effects that has, especially on black people. His book Black Skin, White Masks explore the effects upon colonialism .

Thus the reflection of post colonialism is shown through the above points. The white man portraits as superior class and have the power of rule over the other country and the society. On the other sides the Black man or the people always live under the rule of white people. Even he doesn’t have any power to rule over the other people.

The book is divided in 8 chapters. In these eight chapters, Fanon talks about psychology of white colonizers and black people’s desire to be like white men. He talks about issue of language, marriage between white and black and psychology behind it, white mind set of ruling, black’s inequality and struggle for human existence.

1.The Black  Man and the language

In this chapter the author discusses that if a black person does not learn the white man’s language perfectly, he is unintelligent yes if he does learn it perfectly, he has washed his brain in the world of racial ideology.

According to Fanon

“The Negro enslaved by his inferiority, the white man enslaved by his

superiority alike behaves in accordance with a neurotic orientation.”

Essentially the Negro is born into a hopeless situation. In this context, the black man will never be normal, but always an inborn no, a preborn human of abnormality. "Let me add only that in the psychological sphere the abnormal man is he who demands, who appeals, who begs." Fanon invokes Freud; however the Oedipus complex is a luxury for the white man.

2. The woman of colour and the white Man

The colonized women look down on their own. Race and deep down won’t to be white. In “The Bluest eye” of “Tony Morrison” we find a black desire of white woman.

There are two such women: the Negros and the mulatto. The first has only one possibility and one concern: to turn white. The second wants not only to turn white but also to avoid slipping back. What indeed could be more illogical then a mulatto woman’s acceptance of a Negro husbands? For the understood once and for all that it is a question of saving the race.

Further fanon talks about three women, Mayotte, Nini and Dedee. Those entire woman are part white. A Blackman proposed Nini. Police was called because he is black and she is half white he has offended her “white girl’s” honours. Dedee was proposed by a man with a good government job. She was eager to enter the white world where Mayotte, the third woman had an affair with a married white man. She goes to white side of town with him where the white woman made her feel unworthy of him.

The woman colour wants to marry with white people because she believes that

 ‘Look a Negro!’ ‘Dirty nigger!’

3.The man of colour and white woman.

“The man of color and the white woman” reveals a boy, team venues that grow up in France and desired white woman. As a civil servant, he just is a bad as the whites.’ 

I want to be recognized not

As Black but as a white (Frantz)

 

 In this chapter Fanon talks about the condition of man as a Black. He says that these men wants to become white, they are also equal to whites. Gwendolyn Brook’s poem “We real cool’’ deals with the same theme.

4.The so called dependency complex of the colonized people.

In this chapter Fanon argues that a people of colour may have deep desire for white rule. Those who opposite to it they don’t have secure sense of self that they have very chip sense on their shoulder.

If the black is not a man, then what is the biological, psychological and cultural identity of the black? If the black is not a man, what and who is black? Fanon’s answer to this is equally enigmatic: ‘The black is a black man.’ Moreover, his answer to what a black man wants is more enigmatic: ‘The black man want to be white’. In this book he said that...

“Toward a new humanism…Understanding among men...Our colored brothers...Mankind I believe in you...Race prejudice...To understand and to love...From all sides dozens and hundreds of pages assail me and try to impose their will on me.

But a single line would be enough. Supply a single answer and the colour problem would be stripped of its importance’ .A single answer was and is indeed not enough to deal with Dubois’ old problem of colour line.”

5.The Lived experience of Black Man

This chapter deals with them pathetic situation of black people. Here it is shown that being always black as if they are never fully human being. No matter however education or intelligence you have or no matter how well you perform in to the society. Even we have to mention here the black historical movement to support this argument. 

After that Fanon categorises this chapter …

§  He is seen not as Dr Fanon ,But as a Black Man who is a Doctor.

§  Being Seen as a Negro , never a man .

§  White people do not see him , they see his body .

§   

THE BLACK IDENTITY MOVEMENT

The Noble Drew Ali was one of the most influential Black Nationalist leaders of the century. He strongly influenced the growth and development of Black Nationalist Identity between 1913 and the 1930s. His movement combined black Messiah feelings, Black Nationalism, and a theology of deliverance from the white man’s world, culture and religion.

BLACK SLAVE OWNERS AND THE MULLATO CLASS

The majority of black slave owners were members of the mulatto class, and in some cases were the sons and daughters of white slave masters. Many of the mulatto slave owners separated themselves from the masses of black people and attempted to establish a caste system based on colour, wealth, and free status.

6. The Black Man and Psychopathology.

“Black man and psychopathology” is related with some wrong beliefs that whit had for natives”

Why should people fear of being as a black? Here the white man repressed the Homosexuality and their strange hang ups about black man’s penises more generally, black man are viewed as a bodies which makes them seems like mindless, violence, sexual, animal beings. All the bad meaning that the word “Black” had even before Europeans set foot in black Africa.

Here he writes that

7. The Black Man and Recognition.

“The black man and Recognition” draws our attention as the author writers “ I am narcissus, and I want to see reflected in the eyes of the other an image of myself that satisfied me.”

In this chapter he writes that how different style of white rule shaped black people in America and Martinique.

Even we can also prove the post colonialism through these points

·        The idea of Blackness

·        The idea of identity

·        Notion of desire

·        The idea of Negritude

·        The idea of darkness 

·        O-Other

·        Black Mulatto White.

In India we had un touch ability. There (Africa) they had color problem. Black felt inferior as did our untouchables. Example ‘Urmila Powar’s book” The Weave of my Life” deals with such problems.

            8. “By way of conclusion

“By way of conclusion” is the final chapter, Frantz fanon does not want to be a black man, and he wants to be amen plain and simple. Black and white could not live in present as they can’t separate themselves from their past, says fanon.

 He writes……

“I will not make myself the man of any past. I do not want to sing the past to the detriment of my present and future.

§  Let the dead bury the dead:

§  I am my own foundation.”

Fanon says he has only one rights and one duty.

1) The rights to demand human behaviour from the other.

2) The duty to never let his decisions renounces his freedom.

TO wind up

The Book deals with innumerable example of the Black and white problems, the coloured’s inferiority complex. Their inner feeling is revealed throughout the book. It seems that the coloured people themselves did not want to raise high. They were not ready to think high of themselves instead they ran after vision which was not possible. Skin can’t be changed but mentality can be changed so we can say“ The Nature of Blackness is within the Mind.”

Works Cited

Frantz, Fanon. "Black Skin , White Masks." Trans. Richard Philcox. New York: Grove Press , imprint of Grove/ Atlantic , Inc, 2008. 45.

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Symbolism in The Old Man Of The Sea

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Name        : Bhaliya   Ravi

Roll no.     :24

M.A. Semester   : 3

Enrolment No.  :14101004

Email id      :ravibhaliya5@gmail.com

Year            : 2015-16

Paper no.     : 10 (American Literature)

Submitted to: Smt. S.B Gardi Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

Bhavnagar University

Abstract

Old man and the sea by Ernest Hemingway is a great novella with many philosophical ideas. Hemingway is very careful while portraying characters in his works. The novella is centred on one major character Santiago. As the title suggest Santiago is an old man. He is of 75 years old Cuban fisherman. Hemingway has presented the character of Santiago with strong determination will power, hope and confidence.

Hemingway has borrowed a surprisingly abundant supply of facts from his own life for his novels. The books have therefore something autobiographical about them. Something of the author's character and personality is attributed to the hero of the Hemingway novel. But in The Old Man and the Sea the identification between the author and the hero is complete: and the story is an interesting personal allegory. ( Hemigway)

What is the Symbolism

The word symbolism is derived from the Greek word “symbollein” which means ‘to throw together, mark, emblem, token or sign’. The verb symbol is an objectwhich can be animate or unanimated. Symbols represent or stand for something different. Definitively manifesto of symbolism was published in September 1886 in an article ‘le Figaro’ written by Jean Mores’. He founded the symbolist school whose members were Baudelaire, Mallarme, and Verlaine etc. Other famous followers include Reme Ghil, Griffith and Gustavo khan.

According to Oxford Dictionary

"Symbolism means use of symbols like Object, character use of figure of color to represent abstract idea concept or quality .

The element of symbolism is presented in all the works of Hemingway. However, the word symbolism came to be associated with him only after the appearance of his novel “Old man and the sea”. Hemingway’s use of symbols comes to climax in this novel. As a result,the novel is reach in symbolism images and motifs that enhance both the plot and the themes.

“In the usage of literary historian, symbolist movement designates specifically a group of French writers beginning with Charles Baudelaire”.

                                                                                                                    According to critic M.H.Abrahm

Now there might be question that what can be effective and universal symbols in literary writing. To answer the question critic J.A.Cuddon suggest that any object and action can be symbol in literary writings. EXAMPLE in literature there are many objects commonly used as symbols by writers.

1) SCALE symbol of justice2) MONARCHY symbol of rule3) DOVE symbol of peace4) A GOAT symbol of lust5) THE LION symbol of strength and courage6) THE ROSE symbol of beauty7) THE LILY symbol of purity8) CROSS symbol of christianity9)THE SWASIKA Nazi in German10) BLOOD mourn and violence

Symbolism is an essential literary device used by Ernest Hemingway in his book the old man and the sea. Hemingway uses numerous forms of symbolism but a recurring contour id biblical allusion. Hemingway filled this story with biblical allusion to create a deeper meaning within the text. Knowing biblical allusion allows a reader to have wider perspective of the story.

      

Sea as Symbol

The Sea represents the Universe and Santiago's isolation in the Universe.  The Sea represent challenge and endless “NATURE. The sea is presented as ROMANTICIZED and FEMININE both “Cruel and Cleansing. The symbolism of sea is also describe as water, clear water is extremely good and signifies clear thinking. The sea also symbolizes the swimming like swimming in dreams.

The major symbol used by Hemingway in distinctive way is the wide sea. This sea is symbol of life itself. Man has to sail either it is sea or life to go through. According to Hemingway, in both the sea and in life, there are many possibilities and similarities that the eye cannot see. The first similarity between them is that, both the sea and life are full of mystery, surprise, shock and challenge. However man has to fight bravely and nobly until the end.

Accordingly, it the man is lucky enough, and then he may discover treasure from sea. Likewise if the man is lucky then he will gain love, good family, peace and education. However, if he is unlucky than he may not find even single small fish from the greatest and wide sea. Same case with life .If the person is unfortunate then he struggle and suffer, a lot even for one time meal. However, either it is like or sea, man has to embark journey and go through it amid all possible odes.

For example Santiago

goes for eighty four days without a single fish but

he does not give up. He even continues his journey on eighty fifth days and

brings a giant Marlin which shows his victory.

The Lions

Lions are the symbol  of youth, Freedom and Strength. The novella begins with the dream of Santiago whose dream of the lion on the beach. lion represent a hunter that is wild, noble and manly, the King of that particular environment. The lions are a symbol from Santiago’s childhood, he remembers seeing them on the beach in Africa when he sailed there in his youth.  The lions symbolize Santiago's lost youth as well as his pride.

Hemingway has presented lions. They are little cubs who symbolize youthful possibility and great thing to come Santiago often dreams lion playing on African beach. The image of them always makes Santiago happy. They have his good company just like mandolin. The appearance of lion suggests great strength, nobility, aspiration, victory and ambition.

According to the novelist Hemingway,

“He no longer dreamed of storms, or of woman, nor of accordance nor of

great fish… did he only dream of places now and then lion on the beach.”

Santiago’s dreams of lion suggest circular nature of life and harmony between two opposite force like death, love and hate, destruction and regeneration of nature

The Marlin

Marlin symbolized strength and durability and putting up such struggle. Marlin represents both the perseveration of man´s social status and his incessant life powers.  Santiago considered Marlin’s power equal to him and called him brother . The sharks run parallel to the fisherman in the novel who judge Santiago harshly. Marlin also represent the “MIRROR IMAGE” of Old man.

Marlin a magnificent and glorious fish symbolizes the mysterious world of sea which is full of surprise and challenge. Secondly, the marlin symbolizes the ideal and worthily opponent. Even Santiago find shim lucky  to match against a creature like marlin because it is his battle with marlin that brings out the best in him. Santiago realizes his strength, courage, love and respect due to marlin  Thirdly, it is only due to marlin, both Santiago and even we realize the unexpected world of sea. Santiago is shocked when he realize marlin’s size power and determination. He is pulled by marlin for a large portion.

A part from this, marlin is even presented as a Christian allegory. Marlin is as calm and cool as lord as Jesus was. Though it is hooked by Santiago, it is not attacked on him instead of tries to guide its followers to win him over. Moreover marlin is also described as s great source of food for other. It means it sacrifices itself so that other may live and survive. However the sheiks are in great contrast to marlin. The shoved nose shark has attacked the marlin thoughtlessly. They symbolize the destructive force of the universe. They stand for evil.

Symbol of Skiff

The skiff  symbol of Santiago himself, as Santiago struggle in his life, the skiff also have to struggle in the sea The skiff also symbol of the defeated human beings.

The Harpoon

Santiago lost his harpoon as he finds a shark, symbolic of individual who lose their faith as life’s goes attack. Much like Santiago without harpoon, those without faith are defenceless. The lost harpoon is symbol of loss of power, strength, virility, pride. Santiago loses his harpoon-the first of many such losses as he continues a futile battle with sharks.

The Mast

The mast is symbol of cross of Jesus. The mast is an obvious allusion of cross of Jesus. It is on his skiff, where stands the mast, that Santiago suffer. Santiago suffers at sea for three days with painful injury to the palm of his hand and his back.

The Manolin

  

Santiago’s young friend represents hope. Although Manolin’s father prohibits him from fishing with Santiago. Who is believed to be cursed, Manolin never abandons him emotionally. It can be argued however that as Santiago fishes without hopes. The 84 day fishless streak attests to it.  Menolin is very symbolic character  .“The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him”- symbolizes as a Christ and one of his disciple.

Between Manolin and Old man there is vast age differences between them its symbolizes their skill of fishing.  Manolin is the symbol of hope . Manolin would take care of the old man when he said to him "Keep warm old man.  Remember we are in September.

Symbolic use of number    

      

  

The numeric symbolism in the novel ‘’the old man and the sea’’ seen to be religious. Numbers of figure like three, seven, forty and eighty five have special significant I the bible.

Example when the novel opens, we come to know that Santiago has unsuccessfully fished for forty days. This figure is considered unlucky in the bible

Then Santiago’s fight with great fish marlin lasts for three days. Thus figure symbolizes struggle in the bible. There is reference to figure eighty five which is considered to be lucky and good figure. Even Santiago remarks.

“Eighty five is a lucky number’’

Santiago Symbol of Crucification and Chritianity 

Many times, stories by Hemingway have much religious influence and symbolism. In the old man and the sea, by Ernest Hemingway, numerous occurrences in the life of Santiago the fisherman are similar to the incident recorded in the life of Jesus of Nazareth. The names of the character translated from Spanish to English are just one of those many similarities.

In the story, there are many references to the crucifixion of Jesus. Santiago’s badly injured hand evokes the hands of the crucified Jesus and three other situations reinforce this theory first, Santiago’s marlin is approached by a pair of shovel nosed sharks.

Example Santiago’s

suffering and pain reminds use of Christ’s suffering. In the very

beginning when his palms are cut by fishing lines and at last when he collapses on his 

bed, at that time, we remind of the image of Christ suffering on the cross.

Santiago sacrificed his in the story to catch fish. Fish has been referred to as the Christian faith. This could build a larger connection that Jesus sacrificed his flash to catch the faith of his people and Sheppard them to enlightenment. Santiago also has similar process as to catching the fish. Santiago has deeper personal meaning of fishing and this is why he does not s how off his fish like the rest of the fish.

The old man and the sea is biblical allusion. There are multiple themes that the core of this book. An example that has been illustrated by Ernest Hemingway is Santiago being like Jesus. This shows that the story is biblical allusion. Overall throughout the book fish is the main catalyst of biblical allusion of Christianity. Finally the example of Santiago and his self-sacrifice create a more precise system of moral dignity.

Personal Allegory

The novel old man and the sea can be read as personal parable and a universal allegory. Hemingway has given biographical touch to the character of Santiago which brings personal allegory in the novel. Santiago serves as a metaphor for the creative artist like Hemingway. There is similarity between them.

To wind up

This novella, the symbolism has far deeper significance. The book is representation of life as struggle against unconquerable force of nature. In this novella Hemingway symbolized person , place or thing to represent the real meaning of his writing   In every day struggle of old man there is deep meaning behind it. Hemingway is very much connected with the nature .

(Sinha, P. K)

 (Sinha, P. K)Works Cited

Sinha, P. K. (n.d.). Earnest Hemingway. In A History of American Literature (p. 331 to 335).

  

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